How Your French Fries Are Endangering Orangutans

by Baradan Kuppusamy

(IPS) KUALA LUMPUR -- The orangutan is seriously endangered, say environmental activists, as its jungle habitat in Southeast Asia is turned into palm plantations to provide oil to fry Western man's greasy foods.

But international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have mounted a new campaign against the felling of forests in Malaysia and Indonesia to make way for large-scale cultivation of the palm.

So fierce is the campaign -- which holds that orangutans will go extinct by 2020 if oil palm plantations continue to replace forests -- that it has shaken government officials and producers in the two countries that are the last refuge of the animal that shares many human socio-biological traits.

In Malaysia, presently the world's largest producer of oil palm, officials and producers worry that the campaign would affect world demand for the produce, the country's second-biggest foreign exchange earner after petroleum.

And then there is competition. Indonesia is already expected to overtake Malaysia as the world's leading producer when new plantations begin production.

Since the campaign was launched worldwide earlier this month, there have been quick and often blind rebuttals by Malaysian agencies that promote palm oil and conduct marketing searches.

Unlike earlier campaigns, the focus this time is not on stopping deforestation and saving an endangered species but on directly blaming Western consumers for the decimation of orangutan populations.

The campaign by the Ape Alliance, a coalition of international NGOs including Friends of Earth, Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation and Nature Alert, argues that if you buy common household items like chips, ice creams, detergents, bread, lipstick and soap that contain palm oil, you are helping drive orangutans to extinction.

The campaigners say that, as the demand for palm oil grows, so does the felling of forests and, in turn, the destruction of orangutan habitats and exposure of the animal to poachers.

Processed food manufacturers prefer palm oil because it does not need to undergo the costly process of hydrogenization as with other cooking media. Its stability at high temperatures makes it ideal for deep frying, it gives fried products a longer shelf life and it has a bland taste that brings out natural food flavors.

Malaysia produced nearly 14 million tons of palm oil in 2004, half of the global palm oil output, from 3.8 million hectares of plantation area.

The anti-palm oil campaign is centered in Britain, which imports nearly a million tons of palm oil a year and is therefore in a position to influence changes in the industry.

Already slogans like "Save orangutans from extinction when you next shop -- put an end to the cruelty of palm oil," are having an impact, based on the many queries Malaysian missions have been receiving on palm oil and the orangutan.

The campaigners have their facts and arguments ready in the widely distributed new report titled "Oil for Ape Scandal," which contains gruesome photographs of the gentle animal captured and ill-treated in the plantations of Kalimantan.

Large supermarket chains like Tesco are being urged by campaigners to certify that their palm oil stocks came from non-destructive sources, where no forests were burned, where only degraded land was used for planting, where local communities were respected and, above all, where no orangutan was killed.

"We are not trying to put people out of business. We are simply asking that they do business without destroying the environment," Sean Whyte, chief of Nature Alert and co-author of the report, told IPS.

"Already 90 percent of the orangutan habitat in Southeast Asia has been wiped out and what is left is fast depleting. If we do nothing now our children will see orangutans only in the zoos," Whyte said. "Orangutans could become extinct within 12 years."

"It is we who will have to explain to our children that the orangutan became extinct because of corporate greed in our time," said Ian Redmond of Ape Alliance. "Palm oil plantations are now the primary cause of the decline in population of the orangutans in Malaysia and Indonesia."

The experts estimate that about 5,000 orangutans perish each year as a result of habitat loss.

Such claims are strongly denied by the Malaysian Palm Oil Association, Malaysian Palm Oil Board and Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council, which hold that palm oil is a strategic, well-planned agricultural industry that supports the preservation of wildlife, including the orangutan.

"These allegations are not well founded and contain a number of factual inaccuracies," they said in a joint statement last week. "The industry is far better regulated and the orangutan far better protected than is suggested in the report. We often preserve jungle reserves and wildlife sanctuaries as part of efforts to maintain the existing biodiversity found in plantations."

Citing a recent survey, the industry says thousands of orangutans remained alive and well in and around the Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary in eastern Sabah state on Borneo Island, which is shared by Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei.

The Malaysian Palm Oil Association said Malaysian oil palm companies would, in the next two years, adopt standards proving their willingness to be transparent about the palm oil production process. Buyers would be able trace the origins of the palm oil in a product -- right down to the estate where it was harvested, they said.

But the truth is that Malaysian and Singaporean capital aided by European banks have bought up large tracts of Indonesian oil palm plantations that were inexpensive following the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

Capital from these countries is also opening up more plantations in the same lowland forest in Borneo and Sumatra islands, the only remaining natural habitat of the orangutan.

According to data from the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (or Walhi) in 1934, the Kutai National Park in East Kalimantan -- an ideal orangutan habitat -- consisted of 2 million hectares but had shrunk to 306,000 hectares by 1957. In 1997, the park was down to 198,604 hectares, and Walhi estimates it has since lost another 25,600 hectares to illegal logging.

There are currently thought to be only 606 orangutans surviving in the national park.

One answer, say environmentalists, is the Kinshasa Declaration, an action plan announced this month to protect forest areas and save the great apes from extinction.

If the Malaysian and Indonesia government sign this pact and implement it in an open and verifiable manner, it would go a long way to ease the fears of conservation groups worldwide.