Tests Show People More Likely To Shoot Black Men Than Whites

by Joel Schwarz

The research used a virtual reality simulation and was prompted by a number of mistaken shootings of unarmed blacks by police officers in recent years.

Although the subjects in this study were college students, Anthony Greenwald, a University of Washington psychologist who examines the unconscious roots and levels of prejudice, said there is every reason to believe that police officers have the same prejudices or psychological perceptions about race as students. Data collected from hundreds of thousands of people who have taken versions of the Implicit Association Tests (IAT), including one that measures unconscious attitudes about people and weapons. The majority of people who have taken the tests exhibit some form of unconscious racial, ethnic, gender or age prejudice or stereotype. The IAT was created by Greenwald and developed in collaboration with psychology colleagues at Harvard and University of Virginia.

"Police receive training to make them more sensitive to weapons, but they don't get training to undo unconscious race stereotypes or biases," said Greenwald. "There are some very sophisticated simulators police officers can train on, but they are geared to weapons, not race. Bias awareness training could give officers the chance to discover and counteract automatic stereotypes that can interfere with the best performance of their duties."

In the study, more than a hundred college students -- predominantly white or Asian -- participated in two experiments in which they were asked to play the role of a plainclothes police officer. Their job was to take quick action in response to three categories of simulated potential targets: criminals, fellow officers and citizens. Students were given less than a second to respond -- eight-tenths of a second in experiment one and nine-tenths of a second in experiment two -- to figures that popped out from behind one of two dumpsters. The subjects were instructed to "shoot" at criminals by pointing the mouse at them and then left clicking, to send a safety signal to fellow officers by pressing the spacebar, and to make no response to citizens.

All of the targets were dressed similarly in casual clothes. Subjects could distinguish police officers and criminals, both of whom held guns, from citizens, who carried harmless objects -- a camera, beer bottle or flashlight. The only feature that distinguished police officers from criminals was race. Each subject responded to two variations of the simulation. In one, white targets were criminals and blacks were police officers. In the other, the roles were reversed with blacks as criminals and whites as officers.

Greenwald said the time pressure subjects faced was comparable to conditions police officers sometimes encounter.

"Actually, police officers try to do whatever they can so as not to be forced to respond this quickly. But there are situations that do require them to respond this rapidly," he said

Data from the two experiments indicated that the subjects had greater difficulty distinguishing weapons from harmless objects in the hands of blacks than whites. They also were more likely to shoot when the target person was black, regardless of knowing what was in the person's hand.

In the two experiments, whites were wrongly "shot" 26 percent of the time while blacks were wrongly "shot" 35 percent of the time, which is statistically significant. The study is the third in recent months to produce similar findings.

The IAT test that measures unconscious attitudes about people and weapons is available from the Southern Poverty Law Center web site which also offers a number of other tests measuring other unconscious attitudes.

The findings were published July in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.