Africa Dust Is Health Risk For Florida, Caribbean

"Airborne dust is the primary source of allergic stress worldwide," said Eugene Shinn of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). "The identification of microbes in transported dust is important as they may be a source of respiratory stress and disease above and beyond that caused by exposure to particulate matter."

Shinn, along with Dale Griffin and Virginia Garrison of USGS and Jay Herman of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center outline their findings in a paper titled "African Desert Dust in the Caribbean Atmosphere: Microbiology and Public Health" in a recent journal of Aerobiologia.

African dust has produced red-tinged sunsets in south Florida for years. The dust comes every year during northern Africa's dry season, when storm activity in the Sahara Desert and Sahel generate clouds of dust. The dust originating from fine particles in the arid topsoil is transported into the atmosphere by winds and may be carried over 10,000 feet high into the atmosphere by easterly trade winds. Typically, it takes 5 to 7 days for the dust clouds cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach the Caribbean and Americas.

"The dust events are cyclical," Griffin said. "Studies by other researchers have shown that from February to April, the winds bring an estimated 280,000 tons per event to 13 million tons per year to the Northeastern Amazon Basin. From June to October the winds shift and typically bring dust to north and Central America and the Caribbean."

During the peak of the dust season in July 2000, Garrison collected samples of airborne pollutants and dust daily on the island of St. John in the Virgin Islands and sent them to the USGS laboratory for microbial analysis by Griffin. He compared his results with satellite observations tracking dust clouds from North Africa. The air samples with high levels of microbes were collected on the days that NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite instrument observed the African dust sweeping into the region, indicating that the microbes had been transported from Africa.

"In the week it takes for North African dust to cross the Atlantic some of the microbes die because of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun," said Griffin. "However, microbes in the cracks and crevasses of dust particles may be shielded from UV. We also believe that the upper altitudes of the dust clouds deflect harmful UV rays, shielding microbes at lower altitudes as they are transported across the Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, when dust clouds move over open water in lower latitudes, the moderate temperatures and high humidity are known to enhance microbial survival."

Florida receives more than half of all microbe-laden African dust that reaches the United States. Over the last 25 years, dust quantities reaching Miami have increased during periods of African drought. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says these tiny dust particles can penetrate deep into your airways and react with lung tissue. "During major dust episodes reaching Florida, there could be a correlation with increased respiratory problems," Herman said.

In addition to the dust itself, even small concentrations of fungal spores can trigger allergic reactions. A study by M.E. Howitt of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados documented a 17-fold increase in asthma attacks in Barbados between 1973 and 1996, corresponding with the increase in African dust transport to the region.

Fungi and bacteria that survive the trans-Atlantic journey in dust include bacterial or fungal cultures that do not produce disease mixed with species that do produce disease in both humans and plants. A fungus, which has been isolated in African dust, Aspergillus sydowii, has been determined to cause Sea Fan disease in coral reefs throughout the Caribbean. Desert dust exposure has also been identified as a source of terrestrial disease outbreaks including: Aspergillosis in animals, and Coccidioidomycosis.

Aspergillosis is a mold-like infection of the lungs that affects animals and birds. Coccidioidomycosis presents a more direct hazard to humans and has affected inhabitants of the arid southwestern U.S. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis, which causes pulmonary illnesses in humans that range from flu-like illnesses to pneumonia.

Since 1979 TOMS has been used to identify atmospheric conditions such as dust events and other aerosols. Such satellite images could enable scientists to notify localities of approaching African dust clouds so that precautions can be taken for those with respiratory problems.